The European Union (EU) vs the North American Free Trade Agreement Essa

The European Union (EU) vs the North American Free Trade Agreement Introduction The European Union (EU) is the organization which integrates the countries listed below, both politically and economically. It is a customs union, which is an agreement amongst a group of countries to eliminate trade barriers between them on the movement of goods, services, labor and capital, and also to establish a common external tariff on goods and services coming into the union. The EU evolved from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was formed in 1951 as a response to the First and Second World Wars to try to ensure future peace in Europe. This became the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1965, which in turn became the European Union in 1992 following the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has brought economic growth and rising standards of living for the people of all three member countries since 1994. As well, by strengthening the rules and procedures governing trade and investment throughout the continent, NAFTA has proved to be a solid foundation for building Canada’s future prosperity. NAFTA has enabled both Canada and Mexico to increase their exports to the United States: Canadian manufacturers now send more than half their production to the U.S., while Mexico’s share of the U.S. import market has almost doubled from 6.9% in pre-NAFTA 1993 to 11.6% in 2002. Manufacturers in all three countries are better able to realize their full potential by operating in a larger, more integrated and efficient North American economy. In 2002, Canada was the most important destination for merchandise exports from 39 of the 50 U.S. states. Relevant Sections Trading Blocs .. ...ading blocs: the growth of regionalism in the world economy’, New York: John Wiley & Sons. Hopkinson, N. (1992) ‘Completing the GATT Uruguay Round: renewed multilateralism or a world of regional trading blocs’, Wilton Park Paper No. 61 London. Hunt, D. (1989) ‘Economic theories of development: an analysis of competing paradigms’, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. O’Brien, R. (1992) ‘Global financial integration: the end of geography’, London: Pinter. Preeg, E. M. (1989). The GATT trading system in transition: an analytic survey of recent literature. The Washington Quarterly 12, 201-213. Schott, J.J., ed. (1989) ‘Free trade areas and U.S. trade policy’, Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C., p. 59 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (1999) ‘Handbook of Trade and Development Statistics’, Geneva: United Nations.

Khalifa Ali

IntroductionAli was born to Abu Talib himself a renowned Quraish chief and custodian of the Holy Kaaba. Abu Talib’s father, Abdul Muttalib was the son of the great Hashim. Ali’s mother was Fatima, daughter of Asad who too was a son of Hashim. Fatima was a cousin of Abu Talib. Thus both of Ali’s parents were Hashemite, which was considered quite prestigious.Ancestry of AliThe Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) was Abdul Muttalib’s grandson. His father Abdullah was Abu Talib’s brother, which therefore made Abu Talib the prophet’s uncle and Ali his first cousin.Birth of AliAlthough his exact date of birth is not confirmed tradition says, Ali was born on the thirteenth of â€Å"Rajab† in the 28th year of the Elephant Era (whose commencement is marked by Yemen’s ruler Abraha’s failed attempt to invade Makkah and destroy the Kaaba) The Holy Prophet of Islam was born in the Year of the Elephant which according to scholars corresponds to the year 571 A.D. If we calculate then, Ali must have been born around 599 or 600 C.E.His birth was quite an unusual one. That day, his mother Fatima visited the Kaaba for pilgrimage. It was during her pilgrimage that she felt maternal pains and retired to a corner of the Kaaba and that is where Ali was born. Thus, Ali had the unparalleled honor of being born in the House of Allah bestowed upon him.The NameLegend goes that when Ali was born the Holy prophet and his wife Khadija came to see the infant. That the little boy had not yet opened his eyes was a matter of great worry for everyone. But when the prophet Muhammad held him in his hands young Ali opened his eyes, making the prophet the first person he saw after birth. The Holy Prophet named him ‘Ali’ the derivative of Allah, since he was born the Ka’aba.Physical AppearanceAli was of a moderate height. He held a gracious face which reflected his personality. His facial features were striking wi th a straight nose and a beautifully formed mouth. He possessed commanding eyes, full of light and luster.   It was as if rays of spirituality   beamed through him , and there was a certain sense of personal magnetism that attracted people towards him. As a young man, Ali was handsome, while in his later age, he became bulky with his gray hair of the head giving way to baldness. His beard, which was often dyed red, remained thick and luxuriant.Marriage of AliInitially when the Holy Prophet migrated to Yathrib he went alone but later Yathrib was named ‘Medina’ in his honor and he called his family and other Muslims there as well. At that time the prophet’s beloved wife Khadija had expired and he had married a woman called Sauda. A year later, he married Abu Bakr’s ( Islam’s first Caliph’s)daughter Ayesha. The Holy Prophet’s youngest daughter Fatima was also old enough to be married by that time. Abu Bakr and Omar both asked for her hand in marriage but there was no answer on the part of the Holy Prophet Muhammad.In those simpler times, age differences were not a concern in marriage. Khadija had been fifteen years older to Muhammad and he himself was much older to Ayesha at the time of marriage. It is thus important to note that this was not the reason the Prophet Muhammad remained silent to these proposals but it is reasonable to conclude that he was waiting for God’s approval and guidance in making this decision. After the Battle of Badr, it was Ali’s turn to ask for Fatima’s hand in marriage and he did so. The Holy Prophet replied that he needed Fatima’s consent. When he consulted Fatima she remained silent, a   sign of approval. The prophet also received a revelation signifying Allah’s approval of the marriage. Both families also mutually agreed.The marriage of Ali and Fatima is said to be the perfect one. Indeed two pure and blessed souls unified and bonded together. Ha fsa, a daughter of Omar and later a wife of the Holy Prophet described Fatima as an exemplary woman, one who’s face shone like the moon and who married a man with a superior personality.Induction of Ali as a member of the family of the Holy ProphetWhen Ali visited the Holy Prophet from the desert where he had been living, the occasion was also attended by a close few including Abu Talib and his family. The Holy Prophet loved Ali very much so much so that he requested Abu Talib to place Ali under his care. Abu Talib agreed to entrust Ali with the prophet because he knew he would care for him better than anyone else could.It is believed that the Holy Prophet did this to relieve Abu Talib’s increasing financial worries. However, this view seems to be untrue because Abu Talib was a Quraish chief and a trader. And had he been in any financial trouble the trouble he prophet would surely have helped him. Therefore it seems that it was because of the prophet’s fondness of Ali that he took him under his responsibility. Abu Talib would often visit and Ali would meet his parents everyday. The Holy Prophet kept Ali as a younger brother with much affection.Companionship of the Holy Prophet:The period of Ali's life which was spent with the Holy Prophet can be termed as the period of education and action. It was during these 32 years, from Ali's birth till the demise of the Holy Prophet, that Ali received his education under the loving care of the Last Prophet of Allah; embedded in himself the values of Islam; and acquired all the attributes that contribute to greatness. After the migration to Medina, he came to be known as a valiant soldier. His spoils in the battles of Badr, Uhud and the Ditch and his awe inspiring success at Khyber earned him the title of â€Å"Lion of God†.   He acted as the Governor of Yemen, and acquired good deal of experience as an administrator and judge, acquiring fame for his wise and well reasoned judgments.The First Three Caliphs and Ali:At the time of the demise of the Holy Prophet, Ali was a young enlightened, experienced, wise and valiant man. Despite all his qualities, Ali was passed over in the election for a caliph, as Abu Bakr took the state of affairs under his control. Ali would have to wait for 24 years before he could hold the office of caliph. During these years, Ali acted as an adviser to the caliphs in office. This was a period of inaction and contemplation, inaction on the political front as Ali kept aloof from politics and contemplation on the spiritual front as this period of Ali’s life was spent mostly in seeking spiritual perfection through prayer and remembrance of God.The Caliphate of Ali:Following Uthman's assassination, Ali took office as the next caliph of the Islamic empire. His term was a short one, marred by political upheaval, defections of close aides and civil war.   Ali was accused of involvement in the assassination of Uthman by Amer Muawiya, who mounte d an anti Ali campaign. The results were the Battles of the Camel, Siffin and Nahrawan. During the course of these battles, many of his closest aides betrayed him and defected. The list of betrayals is long and includes Ali's brother, cousins, mother in law and the whole cities of Medina and Basra. The Kharijites who had originally supported Ali also seceded and Ali was finally martyred by a Kharijite.Ali's concept of GodIn his various sermons, Ali has dwelt upon on the various attributes of God in a skillful way. Extracts from some of his sermons are as follows:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"All praise is due to the creator of the world whose wisdom is hidden. The various subjects of nature openly confirm his existence. He is not surpassed in strength and superiority. He is the nearest to us. No one can be nearer to us than He.His distance height has not segregated Him from His creation, and His nearness has not established His equality with His creation. He is that sublime and matchless Being in com prehending when the intellect cannot reach the bottom of His attributes, yet nothing prevents a person from comprehending Him. He is that being whose existence even an atheist feels in His heart of hearts. Undoubtedly God is free and sublime and bears no comparison with anyone, then how can anyone have the audacity to deny Him.†Father of SufismAli's religious devotion and nearness to God has earned him the title of â€Å"Father of Sufism†. Most of the Sufi orders claim their descent from Ali, and according to Ali Hajjweri, Ali is ranked very high in the line of Sufism.   Ali is considered the Shaykh as regards the principles and practices of Sufism, as stated by Junayd of Baghdad.Communion with GodAt times, Ali would pray the whole night sobbing out of love and fear of God. For Ali, the purpose of knowledge was to awaken the spiritual faculties that every man possesses which in turn enable man to find his true and inner self.   Ali observed that man could only enjoy communion with God if he would stop being proud, embody discipline, overcome his lust and submit to the Will of God.He stressed on the people in his various sermons to lead a simple and pious life and not to indulge blindly in the pleasures of the world as the case was before Islam.. Ali said, â€Å"Man is a wave in the boundless Sea of God. As long as man's vision is clouded by ignorance and sensuality he will consider himself a separate entity, different from God. But when the veil between him and God is lifted, he will then know what he really is, the wave will then merge with the ocean†.Ali on the Spiritual Front:Ali was a wealth of knowledge. Several of the traditions (Ahadith) of the Holy Prophet are narrated by him. He was one of those companions of the Holy Prophet who used to learn the verses of the Quran as they were revealed. Later, after the death of the Holy Prophet, Ali also used to give sermons. In one such sermon, he explains the attributes of God with skillf ul oratory. Excerpts â€Å"All praise is due to the creator of the world whose wisdom is hidden. The various subjects of nature openly confirm his existence. He is not surpassed in strength and superiority. He is the nearest to us.No one can be nearer to us than He. His distance height has not segregated Him from His creation, and His nearness has not established His equality with His creation. He is that sublime and matchless Being in comprehending when the intellect cannot reach the bottom of His attributes, yet nothing prevents a person from comprehending Him. He is that being whose existence even an atheist feels in His heart of hearts. Undoubtedly God is free and sublime and bears no comparison with anyone, then how can anyone have the audacity to deny Him.†In another sermon, he reflected on the transitory stature of this world by remarking â€Å"For the wise, the world is a shadow, which may appear at one moment, and soon disappear.† In another sermon he makes pr ofound remarks by stating â€Å"Many men buy clothes, which instead of being worn by them are used in their coffin. Many persons build houses that instead of becoming abodes become their graves. No one has lived forever in this world, and no one has invented such a medicine which may make men immune from the clutches of death†. In another sermon, he discusses heaven and hell, stating his anxiety on man's subservience to lust, the excess of his longings. In yet another sermon, he termed the world as superficial, mortal and perishable.ConclusionShakespeare once remarked â€Å"Some people are born great, some achieve greatness while some have greatness thrust upon them†. As far as Ali goes, he achieved greatness through his excellent education under the watchful eye of the Holy Prophet, his absorption of Islamic teachings and virtues, his thirst for knowledge, bravery on the battlefield and the spiritual perfection that he embodied. Greatness need not be confused with suc cess. From the political point of view Ali may seem like a failure that was unable to quell the civil strife that raged his people and was eventually slay Ed. Instead Ali's greatness is of an unworldly nature for he set out to spiritually perfect those around him, in times of affluence and wealth.Ali was a man of remarkable qualities and principles. His personality embodied an unusual mix of spiritual perfection, bravery, knowledge and humbleness. He was one of those few people of his time, who could stare in the eyes of death so much that even death would start fearing of him He was an administrator, a judge, a philosopher, a statesman, a general and above all an exemplary for those seeking spiritual perfection.

Inside Information The Enron scandal in 2001 - 1877 Words

The use of insider information is illegal in the United States. Insider information is stock related information that can be obtained many ways to gain large, abnormal gains in the stock market. A popular way to gather inside information is from direct employees of the company. Information on stocks can either be illegal or legal. If the information is publicized for all current or future investors to use, then it isnt illegal. Illegal information becomes unlawful when it becomes privatized from the public, and to be only used by investors in the stock market. The action of using insider information isn’t considered illegal until the information is used in a stock market located in the United States, most commonly the New York Stock†¦show more content†¦If it were legalized, then Chiarella would of continued invest without any problems. There have been times when the government took the liberty to supply a beginning investor with ways on how to invest ones money wisel y. Alan D. Jagolinzer, from the Standford Graduate School of Business took the liberty to advise the public on how to invest without getting into legal trouble with the US government. Jagolinzer goes on to say, â€Å"One should not observe abnormal trade returns if participants comply with the rule’s proscription that trades be planned absent private information† (Jagolinzer). This quote from his article titled, SEC Rule 10b5-1 and Insiders’ Strategic Trade, illustrates that one should not have abnormal gains if they comply with the rules. If insider trading were legalized in the United States investors wouldnt need to worry about the information received is publicized or non-publicized. This would ease the the pressure off investors and allow them to strategically trade stocks while still using Jagolinzer’s strategized way of investing while still complying with the rules. Many investors argue that insider trading should remain illegal. I feel investors want this for a few reasons. First, it would show abnormal gains of those who use it. Even if it were legalized, many investors wouldnt know how to get the information to use for their personal use. Inside information isnt forShow MoreRelatedEnron Accounting Scandal1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enron Accounting Scandal of 2001 There are many accounting scandals that have occurred throughout United States History. Many scandals occur even without outsiders knowing anything that had occurred. Companies try their best to keep many of the accounting scandals quiet. Everyday, there are political and business fraud happening, and most of it goes unnoticed. No company wants to admit that there was a problem or that people within the company are not trust worthy. However, when executivesRead More Deception, Fraud, and the Collapse of Enron Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagesand the Collapse of Enron Introduction From America’s 7th most valuable company in December 2000, to a company in ruins by early 2002, Enron has been involved in one of the most incredible reverses of fortune ever. With shares riding high on Wall Street at $84.87 on the 28th December 2000, and awards such as â€Å"America’s most innovative company† from Fortune Magazine 6 years running, and â€Å"Energy Company of the Year† from the Financial Times also in 2000, it looked as though Enron were promising toRead MoreEnron And The Enron Scandal847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enron scandal, discovered in October 2001, eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation, an American energy company based mostly in Houston, Texas, and also the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, that was one amongst the 5 largest audit and accounting partnerships within the world. Additionally, to being the most important bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that point, Enron without doubt is the biggest audit failure. it s ever the foremost notable company within theRead MoreEnron Scandal Of Enron Corporation Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Enron scandal which aroused in 2001 was one of the most famous events in the area of fraud audit. As the auditor company of Enron, Arthur Andersen failed to prepare true and fair auditing reports. They both suffered lethal loss at that time. 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It will compare and contrast the contributions of leadership, management and organizational structures to the failure. Enron, was the worlds top electrical, communications, pulp and paper, and natural gas company. Unfortunately, in late 2001 the company started to unravel. Enron was on the brink of bankruptcy and even an attempt to be bought out by a smaller company calledRead MoreInternal Audit And External Audit1136 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Basically, audit is a systematic and independent process that requires qualified accountants, who are the auditors, to verify and evaluate the financial information (books of account, transaction records and relevant documents) of an organization objectively to ensure that whether the financial statements present a true and fair view and are prepared in accordance with law. It can be done internally and externally. 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On January 1, 1987, as part of the merger agreement, Ken Lay became the new CEO. In 1990, Ken Lay hired Jeffrey Skilling from McKinsey and Company as the Head of Enron Finance. By 1995, Enron had become the largest independent natural gas company

Essay on A Seperate Peace - 671 Words

â€Å"A Separate Peace† by John Knowles Separate Peace What really happened in the tree? Gene and Finny were very good friends; however, whatever happened in the tree the day the Finny quot;fellquot; out, is the actual cause of Gene â€Å"†¦My knees bent and I jounced the limb†¦Ã¢â‚¬  page 52. In fact, Finny did not fall out of the tree, but Gene had actually pushed him out. Gene had very good reasons to push him out â€Å"Finny had put him up to it, to finish me fro good on the exam.† Page 49. He pushed him out of jealousy for two things. For athleticism, and for his popularity, and also for his ability to talk his way out of anything.. First, Finny was a very athletic person; however, Gene is just a normal average day person. Gene couldnt stand†¦show more content†¦Finny was able to talk people into doing anything, just by how he acted. Moreover, he was able to invent a new sport because of his athleticism. Another example of finny being better and saying, quot;I can do it and you cantquot;. Gene knew as a fact that he could not invent a new sport and get enough attention for it. Gene could not do many things that Finny was able to do, such as talk his way out of anything. During summer school, Finny was able to talk his way out of getting in trouble a couple times. When he and Gene had skipped dinner to go to the tree, they were caught when they were walking back. All he did was talk to the teacher right there, and nothing ever came up about again. Another time was when Finny was at the headmasters house for tea, he was wearing a tie as a belt, but the odd part was that it was the school tie. Again, Phineas explained to the headmaster, that wearing the school tie as a belt, contributed to the war effort. All he had to do was explain it, and he never got in trouble again. Gene probably wished he had the ability to do that; however, he knew that only Finny could do it, and with such ease . When Gene and Finny road to the beach, it was Finny’s idea in the first place. They spent the night on the beach and when they got back Gene fails his triginometry test. Later Gene claims that Finny did it on purpose to lower his grade and make Finny look good. They never really told what Finny’s intentions reallyShow MoreRelated A Seperate Peace Essay898 Words   |  4 Pages A Separate Peace Essay In the novel, A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the protagonist, Gene Forrester â€Å"battled† within himself to find â€Å"a separate peace† and in this process directed his emotions at Phineas, his roommate. Forrester and Phineas formed the illusion of a great companionship, but there was a â€Å"silent rivalry† between them in Forrester’s mind. Self deceptions in Forrester led him to believe that Phineas was â€Å"out to get him† (Forrester). Subconsciously Forrester jounced the limb of theRead MoreA Seperate Peace, By John Knowles1414 Words   |  6 Pages A Seperate Peace Maturity Essay (First Draft) Introduction: Almost every human being in the worlfd matures, the person can mature physically and/or mentally. In A seperate peace, by John KNowles, an ongoing that comes up several times during this novel is is maturation or maturity. Many characters in this melodramatic novel, if not all of them end up maturing in this novel. World war 2 made some characters like Leper Lepellier mature more then if there hadnt been a war.Also as the story progressesRead More Seperate Peace Summary Essay850 Words   |  4 Pages A Separate Peace Gene Forrester is a quiet, intellectual student at Devon School in New Hampshire. During the Summer Session of 1942, he becomes close friends with his daredevil roommate Finny, who has a talent for getting away with mischief through his sincere, disarming charisma. 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The numbers were small living in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco and the East Village of New York City. They spoke of peace, love and beauty. They were the free people. Hippies were the physical representation of the collapse of consensus. Integegral to the counter culture were rock festivals. Here, hippies folowed the music of â€Å"peace and love†. Groups like the Gratful dead and Jefferson Airplane. A number of rock festivals gave expression to this including: Crosby Stills andRead MoreUs Foreign Policy Essay902 Words   |  4 Pagesa lot of the bad blood and simering fiery emotions that still existed between England and the US were slowly calmed in part to a couple of new treaties. While relations were fixed, it would seem that many US officials wanted to keep the country seperate from others. A strong belief during the first 50 years of the US existence was to remain completely neutral with all countries and not get involved in wars or conflicts. 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Early Childhood The Transitional Phase That Follows Infancy

Early childhood is the transitional phase that follows infancy. It is crucial for those that are significant in the child’s life to understand how they grow, develop, and learn in this stage in order to create and provide a sufficient environment. It can also help with positive development and other factors as they move into childhood. Despite the many changes this stage entails, every child is different and develops at their own pace. At this stage, children begin to explore and understand the world around them. They begin forming relationships and attachments with their guardians, along with undergoing many changes physically and mentally that allow them to gain a sense of self. Ensuring that these relationships and other changes develop positively helps assure a happier and more successful life for the child. In result, some of the most significant aspects of early childhood development are the relationships between parent and child, physical changes, and cognitive developm ent. â€Å"Don’t forget to kiss me goodnight† is a popular saying often seen on a couple’s bedroom wall. It is just as important for parents to kiss their toddlers goodnight as it is their spouse. With that physical touch, frequent hugs, and devoting full attention at times throughout the day, a parent establishes a lifetime bond with his/her child and makes the toddler feel secure and loved. The Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development reviewed an extensive and complex body ofShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Object Hood1244 Words   |  5 Pages The concept of object hood is innate, and can be found very early on in infancy. 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Part 1 - Early Attachment Theories, Criticisms Findings 20 3.2. Part 2 - Emotional and Behavioural difficulties 28 3.3 Part 3 - Effects on Child Development 35 Chapter 4: Critical overview Conclusion 4.1 Critical overview Read MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14194 Words   |  57 Pagesinclude predictable physical and mental milestones. Introduction Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physical, mental, emotional and social development. WHO considers adolescence to be the period between 10-19 years of age, whichRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14200 Words   |  57 Pagesinclude predictable physical and mental milestones. Introduction Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physical, mental, emotional and social development. WHO considers adolescence to be the period between 10-19 years of age, whichRead MoreStages of Life6505 Words   |  27 Pagestheory and its development. In a most fundamental sense, development in adulthood is about getting older. Traditional psychotherapy looks at how our adult emotional lives are rooted in childhood and infancy. But what happens when the child becomes an adult? Is adulthood only the unconscious reenactment of early childhood conflicts and traumas? In the 1950s, famous author and psychologist Erik Erikson constructed a psychosocial, developmental model of the life cycle. He wrote numerous anthropologicalRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 Pageseducation, fewer job opportunities and families headed by mothers who gave birth to their first children in adolescence (Dryfoos, 1996; Macleod, 1999). Teenage pregnancy is also associated with other problematic behaviour such as alcohol and drug use, and early initiation of sexual activity, which have been identified as predictors of pregnancy (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 1998; National Population Unit, 2000). Plant Plant (1992) argue that risk or problem behaviour is associated with social disadvantage, povertyRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesBehavioral research on obsessions and compulsions offered new insights into the pathogenesis of the disorder. Yet, by the early 1980s, behavioral research into OCD had stagna ted. The â€Å"cognitive revolution† that led to advances in the treatment of depression and other anxiety disorders, such as panic, had little impact on the research and treatment of OCD. However, by the late 1980s and early 1990s, behavioral researchers like Paul Salkovskis and Jack Rachman were advocating a more integrative theory andRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesMechanisms 355 Controls in the Definition and Construction Phases 355 Controls in the Implementation Phase 357 Review Questions 358 †¢ Discussion Questions 359 †¢ Bibliography 359 Chapter 9 Methodologies for Custom Software Development 361 Systems Development Life Cycle Methodology 361 The SDLC Steps 362 Initiating New Systems Projects Definition Phase 363 363 Construction Phase 365 Implementation Phase 366 The SDLC Project Team 370 Managing an SDLC

Immunity and Disease

Question: Write a report on Immunity and Disease. Answer: Research Strategies for Type 1 Diabetes: The strategic research of the Type I diabetes is important to serve the research opportunities and the research progress, prevention, treatment, and future plans related to the type I diabetes. Present researches on diabetes type I are the autoimmune disease applied in mice, which shows a progressive mechanism; where the beta cells of pancreas undergo an irregular process including the insulitis causing inflammation (Saunders et al. 2007). Research progress: This process includes majorly a principle, known as the Hygiene Hypothesis. This principle is classified into the Helminth Infections and the Autoimmunity. The Helminth Infection includes the IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 (comprising the Th2 cells), whereas the autoimmunity includes IL-12, IL-23 (specifically including the Th1 cells and the Th17 cells) (Alvarado et al. 2015). The research strategy on the diabetes type I includes the therapeutic applications of the two types of principles. Helminth infections: Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Multiple Sclerosis. Murine- Type I diabetes; Rheumatoid Arthritis; and Multiple Sclerosis, etc. in human (Herold et al. 2013). In Type 1 Diabetes includes the process in which the mechanism persists in two parts namely, the pancreatic lymph node and the pancreas itself. The antigen presenting cells or the APC consisting with two receptors such as the MHC and the immune receptor (Wilson et al. 2004). The helper T cells bind to the receptor of th e APC with the help of the TCR especially the CD3. The resulting mechanism includes the formation of: 1) Cytotoxic T cells, 2) activated macrophages, resulting in the rupture of the pancreas beta cells. As a result, the situation undergoes diabetes, type I. The type I diabetes potentially destroys the own insulin-producing beta cells, but there are clues to produce the treatments and restoring the cell population (Wilson et al. 2010). Method: The research that would be conducted under the quantitative method. According to the methodology sampling will be conducted with about 50 samples approximately, with 30ml volume of the samples. The sampling includes, blood, and urine for example. These samples would be subjected to random selection and testing. The next step includes the isolation and identification of the diabetic responsible gene with the blood samples. These genes were then be incorporated in mice. The selection of mice should be in such a way that the mice have the eligibility and physical maturation for giving offspring. The genes were incorporated in some stipulated ways: 1) Target gene being radio labelled. 2) and normal gene without the target effects. The mice were taken as females and males. Three sets of couple mice were experimented. The conditions include: 1) with one radio labelled target gene and one normal gene, 2) both the radio labelled target genes, 3) both the normal genes. The stipulated time were given to the experimented mice to mate and produce offspring. This process has been carried out for three times for trial and error method. The resultant offspring with definite results are to me observed and sequenced deliberately. The offspring also could denote the transferring rate of the target gene to the offspring and increase and decrease of the desired disease in the future generations too. Therefore site directed mutagenesis was to be performed for the trial of removing the target diseased gene from the mice itself. The resulting data would be analyzed with statistical analysis in the mean median mode. The mean median mode includes the identification of the average of the testing results of the samples. The respective results are subjected to tabular and a graphical format for the identification of the accumulation of the reports. The percentage of the sample with type I diabetes gene may be subjected to treatment and therapy. These sequences were to undergo such processes like transduction and transcription for the formation of the protein which has been purified from the target diseased genes. These proteins can be incorporated into the desired patients which could help then to gradually remove the diseased gene from the body with mutations and other genetically manipulations. If this treatment and strategy does not work and fails, then similar purification treatment can be done with other sets of patients with the same disease and with other types of sample, where the acquiring of the genomic matter should b more potent. Other, it also be tested for the purification of the insulin itself and be incorporated in the experimental mice to carry on the purification process. (Finlay et al. 2016). Preventions: One of the important factors that should be avoided such as: Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia unawareness, and hyperglycemia, etc. Primary preventions includes by preventing the risk factors of the disease. The secondary preventive measure includes the prevention of development of the disease. The tertiary factor includes preventing the complications from the early stages of the disease, early diagnosis, and treatment for the disease (Alvarado et al. 2015). Treatments: This disease is researched to be regulated. Therefore, the research strategy includes the modification of the therapeutic applications and the new researches in type I diabetes. The remedies of the therapeutic methods to resolve the problem of type I diabetes includes: 1) Pancreas transplantation- artificial insulin will no longer be provided to the patient. The patient may include lifetime potent immune-suppressing new insulin producing cells. Although this process may undergo problems and the body may undergo a rejection by the body. 3) Stem cell transplantation- the patients with newly detected type I diabetes may undergo stem cell transplantation (Maizels 2016). 2) Islet cell transplantation- it is of a researched value that the transplanting the involved in the life-threatening disease "type 1 diabetes", are: replacements of the lifelong insulin injections or pumps; monitoring the blood glucose level; maintain healthy diet (Magnuson et al. 2015). Future plans: The future plans for researches on type I diabetes include how the proposals of the research involve in the development of the heath of the people at the risk of diabetes. Therefore based on the present proposals and knowledge of autoimmunity, new approaches for the type I diabetes should be focused mostly in prevention and treatment. Secondly on the basis of the beta cells treatment the research goals should be set to play a crucial role in treatment in all forms of diabetes (Wilson et al. 2010). References: Alvarado, R., OBrien, B., Tanaka, A., Dalton, J.P. and Donnelly, S., 2015. A parasitic helminth-derived peptide that targets the macrophage lysosome is a novel therapeutic option for autoimmune disease. Immunobiology, 220(2), pp.262-269. Finlay, C.M., Stefanska, A.M., Walsh, K.P., Kelly, P.J., Boon, L., Lavelle, E.C., Walsh, P.T. and Mills, K.H., 2016. Helminth Products Protect against Autoimmunity via Innate Type 2 Cytokines IL-5 and IL-33, Which Promote Eosinophilia. The Journal of Immunology, 196(2), pp.703-714. Magnuson, A.M., Thurber, G.M., Kohler, R.H., Weissleder, R., Mathis, D. and Benoist, C., 2015. Population dynamics of islet-infiltrating cells in autoimmune diabetes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(5), pp.1511-1516. Maizels, R.M., 2016. Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Saunders, K.A., Raine, T., Cooke, A. and Lawrence, C.E., 2007. Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection. Infection and immunity, 75(1), pp.397-407. Wilson, M.S. and Maizels, R.M., 2004. Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection. Clinical reviews in allergy immunology,26(1), pp.35-50. Wilson, M.S., Taylor, M.D., O'Gorman, M.T., Balic, A., Barr, T.A., Filbey, K., Anderton, S.M. and Maizels, R.M., 2010. Helminthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ induced CD19+ CD23hi B cells modulate experimental allergic and autoimmune inflammation.European journal of immunology, 40(6), pp.1682-1696.

Technology and Banking Sector

Question: Discuss about theTechnology and Banking Sector. Answer: Importance of Technology for Banks The importance and significance of technology in banking industry cannot be denied. The main objective and goal of the company is to serve customers excellently in order to achieve more revenue and income. The industry of bank has contained the utilization of technology to facilitate customers quick as well as fast service (Lee and Lee 2001). The banking sector has completely modified due to implementation of new and innovative technology. The paper banking and division based banking is changed into digital banking facilities. Previously, the utilization of broadband internet has made it easy to transfer the information. The utilization of technology has modified the systems of management and accounting of all bank especially in New Zealand. Currently, it is modifying the method how banking industry is delivering customer services to its clients. The role of technology in the industry of bank is enormous (Lichtenstein and Williamson 2006). Due to E-banking, the banks are now capable to transfer its facilities without any difficulty to its loyal and high-class clients. Banking institutes has employed a Graphical User Interface to create the system user approachable to all customers (Laforet Li 2005). Through this software, the consumers can get complete information about their banking accounts in their computer. Customers can transfer amount from one account to other account easily and they can get pricy of statement of bank without any hesitation through this software. In some bank, Electronic Date Interchange software is being used. This software is used to transfer the information among customers and banks. This may be utilized to communicate transaction of business in a form of computer-readable. The data can be read by customers easily without any hesitation. In banking sectors of different nations such as New Zealand, USA, UK and India, the NRI Banking Services Technology is used (Lee Feick, 2001). This is new t echnology but is used in different nations. Through this technology, the people who work in foreign country can send amounts to their families. This technology is excellently used to send money from foreign banks to domestic banks. This expertise has created it easy for foreigners to transfer cash to their relatives in order to support then excellently. In previous years, the banking facilities was offered in just cities and urban areas. Nowadays, the technology has created it easy to initiate facilities of bank in rural areas. For instance, the Mobile money banking services has introduced in New Zealand. In this situation, a rural citizen can contact with Mobile Corporation which is started for free. This company can deposit cash on their account through a close operating center of mobile money (Luarn, 2005). This cash can be achieved at any time in that rural area as well as the money can be sent or received through this method as well. This mobile money banking services made it easy to send or received cash at any time in anywhere. Through introduction of plastic card, the flexibility of banks has increased. The debit cards as well as credit cards have created industry of bank more elastic and convenient. A client can borrow a particular amount of cash from banking company to buy a thing through utilization of credit card. The ba nk deducts this amount later from their account. In this situation, the customer do not require to go through the irritation and annoyance of advancing little cash. A client can give money for anything through Smart Cards. The banks deduct cash mechanically later. These cards are utilized by customer to give or send cash from their banking accounts utilizing a machine of ATM. The introduction of these cards made banking system more flexible and convenient (Parker, 2011). Facility of self-inquiry is another technology used in banking systems. All banking institutions of New Zealand have provided this facility through which they customers dont bother to lineup the help desk. The ATM card can be used by customers to know the actual position of their accounts. These cards provide complete information regarding money and consumptions made by customers (Sathye, 1999). Remote banking is an excellent technology involved in banking sectors. The banking industry has fitted machines of ATM in diverse areas. The customers is not required to go to the core branch to do dealing. This service has made banking capable at any time. The consumers may utilize the machines of ATM to deposit cash on their banking accounts. They can get cash from any ATM machines. The facility of remote banking has assisted individuals in rural areas enhance on their civilization and tradition of saving cash. The banking institutions of New Zealand are also using service of centralized in formation. This makes capable the banks to convey data and info from one branch to other branch of bank (Yang, 2005). For instance, if a client of Westpac New Zealand Bank registered his account with the rural branch, he can achieve information on his account even though at the core branch of Westpac in a urban area. The chances of frauds and errors have been decreased due to implementation of technology. Technology has performed a vital part in declining deception in banking institutes with secure its clients. For instance, banking institutes utilize an expertise which variables signatures prior a consumer extracts big amounts on a particular account as well as this decreases on the frauds or danger which happen because of counterfeit and fake. In the banks, the Tele-banking also performed vital and significant role. The customers are provided complete information about their accounts and accounts status through telephone in banks of New Zealand. It embodies directing monetary dealings by computer as well as a telephone. An automated answering phone system is used in various New Zealand banks such as Westpac. The operators of telephone complete guide customers regarding their accounts and transactions. In numerous banks of New Zealand, the SMS banking is also used. This allows the clients to function the services of banks on mobiles utilizing SMS or messages. The banking of SMS is much The technology is playing vital role in the success and development of banking companies. Al most all banks in New Zealand are using technological advancements in banking services to enhance the profitability and customer service. The role of technology in success and development of banks cannot be denied as it made banking services more flexible and convenient. No bank can make progress without implementing lasts tools and techniques. The implementation and execution of technology in all banks is essential. The Benefits and Costs of Adopting New Technological Frameworks and Tools in New Zealand Banking Industry Implementation of technological tools in a bank shows diverse set of costs to management. It contains several benefits and costs. The below mentioned are costs and benefits of adopting new technological frameworks and tools in the banking industry of New Zealand: The managers who lead technological modification should frequently facilitate as technological creators as well as appliers. As a strategy, one bank makes the expertise as well as provides it to employers, who have limited information but well-informed regarding their fields of implementation (Narendiran, 2011). Practically, the manipulator bank is not agreeing to get on accountability for the expertise at the point in its assessment as which the growth team desires to provide it. The person who is responsible of implementing new technology should make a comprehensive plan. In order to implement successfully, it is responsibility of managers to perform a role of creators as well as employers (Zheng Chen 2003) It is announced by the Scott Collary, the chief executive of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, that application of Gerard Florian as a technology of group executive has implemented. Before this, Florian performed the role of policy office for Business Unit of Dimension Datas Global Cloud. At the worldwide tech giant of division of Australia, he will do the roles of chief marketing officer as well as chief technology officer. The technology will be defined by Florian at ANZ. He will make strategy for technology and plan for implementation of technology. The whole infrastructure for adopting new technology will be managed and handled by Florian. Through implementation of latest technology, the ANZ reported AUD 5.7 billion of profit in 2016 and it currently completely focused on digital age. The application of internet banking was introduced in Auckland Savings Bank initially in 1966. In 1999, the National Bank of New Zealand and Bank of New Zealand adopted new technology. The nu mber of customers enhanced by 54% in banking sector of New Zealand as compared to past year. According to market perspective, the implementation of new technological tools enhance the satisfaction of users, but the appropriate substance, timetable and kind of employer participant will differentiate extensive from bank to bank. In order to implement a new technological tool, the marketing perspective must be kept in account. It assist prepare a bank to get innovative technology. Numerous application tries fail as institution undervalues the level or significance of this preparation. Numerous managers cannot implement new technology as they spend enormous amount on generation of technology but spend limited time on implementation. It is suggested that not just extensive investment by creators in the plan is required but a suitable level of investment in the properties of banking company also required (Centeno, 2004). Multiple internal markets also impact the application of new technology. The greater the level of managerial hierarchy in a company, the greater the chance of fruitful application. On the other hand, the limited hierarchal structure makes extensive issues. It is responsibility of managers to make internal plans of marketing excellently to avoid issues and problems. In this process, the manager recognize the teams whose approval and recognition is greatly essential for success and development of the banks. The manager should demonstrate the appropriate approach that is essential for success. Higher level of management as well as end users have to purchase in the creation to generate it successful, but the idea of marketing required differentiation techniques. When Westpac introduced internet technology, it verified the charges on the basis of saving across time. The excellent of customer service enhanced, decreased the costs of manufacturing directed to extension of share of market, a nd the bank proved capable to facilitate as a service site for additional facilities. On the other hand, BNZ introduced M credit system, through which details are provided on mobiles about accounts. In the same way, the ANZ bank developed electronic wallets as well as apps for smartphones such as Fastnet Classic app. The banks can cover extensive portion of market through mobile banking. The offers introduced by ANZ can be used for limited customers who have high quality phones and iPhones (Giannakoudi, 1999). The processes are greatly impacted by the application of new technology. The customers and management process are impacted by this process. It is proved that application of latest technology has enhanced the quality of procedures through improving negotiation, standardization of process and improving workflow. Through introduction of internet technology, the banking sector of New Zealand improved inclusively. The introduction of use friendly websites of banks improved customer services excellently. The customers can get complete information regarding bank through websites (Schwarzer, 1992) It has been announced by the Westpac that it has created more than 170 branches in rural areas due to implementing new technology. The ANZ bank is considered to open more 6 branches in different areas. The National Bank and ANZ brands merged in 2012. It is said by the head of digital and transformation, Liz Maguire, at ANZ that more than 50% operations are performed through digital channels. As the branches are widen up, impacted negotiation have increased matters that oldest individuals will try with the evaluation from banks to performing their banking online, whereas owners of business are more worried about payments and withdraws. More than 50% of people are frightened to implement new technology (Elleithy, 2008). In order to manage the challenges of implementation of new technology, ANZ used iPhones and iPads to teach consumers how to utilize latest technology. The bank motived to people to use phone banking who did not have availability of internet or computer. Due to implementation of new technological tools, various banks of New Zealand opened more branches in 2015. ANZ has 225 braches of bank and it is making plan to make 6 more. BNZ has 171 branches in 2015. Kiwibank has 265 branches in 2015. Westpac Bank has 189 branches in the 2015 (Brown, 2006). Various creators of technology will admit confusion that creations do not gain unconscious approval (Barton, 2000). It is assumed that sale of an innovation is essential to gain acceptance, whereas it is similarly hazardous to whole the system. Innovative as well as mysterious technologies are defenseless to publicity. The prospective employers of the technology make disappointments when the desired results of the technology are not achieved. For instance, when a software is applied in a company, it is thought that this last product. The break among awareness as well as authenticity was noticeable to the active exertions of one manager in the banks. The managers are required to implement a technology in such a way as no issue can happen. Before application of extensive technology, it is recommended to conduct a pilot test for introducing new and innovative technology (Palmer, 2002). The risks of implementing a new technology cannot be avoided as sometimes the results of test are cons idered best but actual results achieved are poor. The criticisms of a particular project cannot be avoided. For successful implementation, the objective of test should be kept in mind as well. In some test, risk factors are not considered essential, while in some tests these tests are considered significantly essential. In order to implement new technology in the banking sector, the risks of implementation should be analyzed and handled. The banking industry of New Zealand managed 8 obstacles while introducing new technology. The managers of Westpac and ANZ made completely plan to handle the issues regarding organization change (Podder, 2005). The issues regarding cyber security, legacy systems, lack of clarity, digital iceberg, and lack of digital literacy, comprehension of demand of customers and participation with giants of digital are managed effectively. These issues occurred during application of new technology in banking industry of New Zealand. BNZ introduced ICT projects th at provided the various advantages to the bank in last year involve the migration of information center. The critical IT system of banks business was moved in the data center of IBMs Auckland. Olivier joined Westpac in order to facilitate the decision making process of bank regarding technology and application of latest tools. In order to facilitate various technologies such as ATM middleware, online card instigation as well as Direct from Account payment, Olivier provided great assistance and help (Polasik and Wisniewski 2009). In this essay, the importance of latest technology has been defined in detail. The banking sector of New Zealand is progressing in last few years due to implementation of latest technology and tools. The importance of technology in banking sector of New Zealand is described greatly. After that, the cost and benefits of applying new technology with perspective of banks of New Zealand are defined in detail. References Polasik, M., and Wisniewski, T. P. (2009). Empirical analysis of internet banking adoption in Poland. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 27(1), 32-52. Podder, B. (2005). Factors influencing the adoption and usage of Internet banking: A New Zealand perspective. Published masters thesis, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. Palmer, J. W. (2002). Web site usability, design, and performance metrics. Information Systems Research, 13(2), 151-167. Barton, C. (2000). Banking on the future. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5objectid=185860 Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press. Centeno, C. (2004). Adoption of Internet services in the Acceding and Candidate Countries, lessons from the Internet banking case. Telematics and Informatics, 21(4), 293-315. Elleithy, K. (2008). Innovations and advanced techniques in systems, computing sciences and software engineering. USA: Springer. Giannakoudi, S. (1999). Internet banking : the digital voyage of banking and money in cyberspace. Information and Communications Technology Law, 8(3), 205-243. Lee, E. J., and Lee, J. (2001). Consumer adoption of Internet banking: need-based and/or skill based? The Marketing Management Journal, 11(1), 101-113. Lichtenstein, S., and Williamson, K. (2006). Understanding consumer adoption of internet banking: an interpretive study in the Australian banking context. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 7(2), 50-66. Laforet, S., Li, X. (2005). Consumers attitudes towards online and mobile banking in China. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 23, 5, 362 380. Lee, J., Lee, J., Feick, L. (2001). The impact of switching costs on the customer satisfactionloyalty link: mobile phone service in France. Journal of Services Marketing, 15, 3548. Luarn, P. (2005). Toward an understanding of the behavioural intention to use mobile banking. Computers in Human Behaviour, 21, 873-891. Narendiran, C. (2011). A new approach on secure mobile banking using public key infrastructure. International Journal of Computing Technology Information Security, 1, 1, 40-46. Parker, R. (2011). New Zealand smartphone penetration: the facts. Retrieved 11 July 2012 from: https://blog.jericho.co.nz/new-zealand-smartphone-penetration/ Sathye, M. (1999). Adoption of Internet banking by Australian consumers: an empirical investigation. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 17, 7, 324- 334. Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-efficacy: thought control of action. Washington: Hemisphere. Yang, K.C.C. (2005). Exploring factors affecting the adoption of mobile commerce in Singapore. Telematics Informatics, 22, 257-277. Zheng,X., Chen, D. (2003). Study of mobile payments system. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electronic Commerce (CEC), CA, USA.